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Permaculture blog

General blog about Permaculture issues
Published by Sam Page on 12 November 2013

Three years ago, I decided to upgrade my domestic boiler. I chose an all-electric system, as I naively thought that our government would follow through on its policy to cut the domestic gas supply by 2020, in order to meet the UK's Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets (by at least 34% by 2020 and at least 80% by 2050 - against the 1990 baseline). 

The hot water for my shower and heating system is generated by both electricity and solar power - you can see it here...

Unfortunately, the recent Economy 10 electricity price rises have meant that my boiler is becoming very expensive to operate. Also, since my energy supplier was providing electricity from non-renewable sources, my house has been emitting at least 7 tonnes of CO2 each year. I decided, therefore, to switch to a new supplier that has a green tariff and supplies 100% of its electricity from renewable sources and cut my overall consumption by installing a wood-burning stove. And since I have found several places where I can obtain free wood, I should be able to repay the cost of this latest installation within the next 4 years...

This means that all my domestic energy is now from renewable sources and my net carbon emissions have gone down to zero!

.......Exposing the hearth .................................................Replacing the liner...............................................................Lighting it for the first time

You can watch our latest video in which the Permaculture Group explain how you can measure heat loss from your house and how to source, saw and chop wood for a wood-burning stove, here:

 

Published by Sam Page on 07 October 2013

Do you have apple trees in your garden? If you don't have plans for all the fruit it may just end up being 'wasp-food windfall'. It is estimated that 90% of domestic tree fruit simply goes to waste and the young people at Marlborough Youth Development Centre  would like to change that; they are looking for local people with apple and pear trees who would like their spare fruit to make a difference.

Working with My Apple Juice (www.myapplejuice.co.uk)  and linking with wider local food projects supported by Wiltshire Wildlife Trust, they are setting up an enterprise, fully supported through the Youth Service, to collect waste tree fruit, turn it into a saleable juice product and sell it to raise much needed funds for the Youth Service in Marlborough. On the way, they are also learning valuable skills to raise their confidence and better equip them for employment or setting up their own businesses in the near future.

We're asking that people either bring apples down to the Youth Centre in St. Margaret's Mead on Tuesday evenings from 6.30pm or contact us to arrange collection / delivery on Saturday mornings throughout October. We're aiming to have our product ready for sale by Apple Day on Sunday 3rd November at Marlborough Communities' Market.

If you would like your apples to be part of this innovative venture, please contact:

Milly Carmichael on 07876 230 540  / millycarmichael@hotmail.com

or Jan Bowra at the Youth Development Centre 01672 512762 / 07747 455 746 janette.bowra@wiltshire.gov.uk

Published by Sam Page on 30 August 2013

We are pleased to report that Transition Marlborough has been able add basket-making to the re-skilling process.  We have done this by providing Maureen with almost 50% of the cost of her 5-day training with a basket-making expert at this year's Summer School.  

Following her training, Maureen said 'I have accepted the money on the basis that I will have the Winter to practice and ensure that I am able to deliver something of an acceptable standard - I am really enthusiastic about the idea of producing hedgerow baskets!'. She is planning to offer low-cost tutoring in simple basket-making and willow weaving some time in 2014. 

In the meantime, we are on the look-out for garden waste, such as prunings from hedges and willow trees that can be woven into baskets and other useful items - please get in touch if you can help: permaculture@transitionmarlborough.org 

Would you like to learn a new skill?  Would you be prepared to share this skill with the rest of us?  It's not too late to sign up for forging and wild game butchery courses. See the full list of courses that TM is willing to part sponsor here...

We are also keen to part sponsor someone who would like to train as a Domestic Energy Assessor. Find out more here...

                                                                                                                          Maureen's first basket!             

Published by Sam Page on 29 May 2013
If so, Transition Marlborough will pay up to 50% of the cost of any of the courses listed below - thanks to a grant from the Area Board. All we ask in return is that, once you have been trained, you share your new skills with a small group of local people who will pay their course fee to TM, on a date of your choice. 
 
Check out the local courses listed below: 
 
Please contact Sam on sampage_zim at yahoo.co.uk if you are interested in any of these, or similar, short courses.
Published by Sam Page on 20 May 2013

 

 

 

As the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere passed 400ppm and the government continues to argue about the size of the carbon cap that will be in their Energy Bill, participants of the Permaculture Course have calculated how much CO2 their houses had emitted over the past year.  

We used the total number of kilowatt hours (kWh) that was on our energy bills to work out how much CO2 had been released into the atmosphere as a result of heating, also lighting and powering gadgets. The amount varied widely according to how well our homes were insulated and what fuel we had used, for example:

1 kWh of heat obtained from oil produces 0.733g of CO2

1 kWh of heat/light obtained from electricity produces 0.5g of CO2

1 kWh of heat obtained from gas produces 0.5g of CO2

1 kWh of heat obtained from wood produces 0.05g of CO2 

This means that 10,000 kWh of oil emits (10,000 x 0.73) = 7.3 tonnes of CO2;

10,000 kWh of gas or electricity emits (10,000 x 0.5) = 5 tonnes of CO2;

10,000 kWh of wood emits (10,000 x 0.05) = 0.5 tonnes of CO2

           

           Power sources, CO2 emissions and heat loss

 

Electricity that is generated from power stations currently utilises gas, nuclear or wind energy. Coal-fired power stations are being phased out and gas and biomass fired power stations are being phased in....

 

How much CO2 did my house emit last year?
Name House type Rooms Loft cm Wall Fuel type Temp *C kWh/yr CO2/yr Solar Energy
Sam Semi-det 10 10-30 Cavity Elec 16/20 13,459 6.7t 1,000 kWh
Michelle Flat 5 10-30 Solid Gas+elec amb/21 17,600 8.8t -
Debs Mid-terrace 6 10 Solid Gas+elec amb/20 13,598 6.8t -
Max Detached 8 10 ? Oil amb/20 20,000 14.6t -
Sue Semi-det 9 10-20 Cavity Gas+elec 20-22 14,000 7.0t -
Tim&Lyn Detached 18 15 Solid Oil amb/20 40,000 29.2t -
Nick Detached 14 30 Cavity

Wood

Elec

23

30,420

  1,350

1.5t

0.7t

3,650kWh

 

We all have double glazing and loft insulation, though it varied in thickness between 10 and the recommended 30cm. All the cavity walls had been insulated, but not the older houses that have solid walls.  Those of us who were using gas or electricity to heat our homes were emitting less than 9 tonnes of CO2 per year, while homes that were heated by oil were emitting much more CO2 for the same amount of heat. Nick's house has only been emitting a total of 2.2 tonnes of CO2 per year because his house is well insulated and he has a wood pellet boiler and an air-to-air heat pump.

Sam's solar panels produce an average of 1,000 kWh per year to heat the water (a saving of 0.5 tonnes of CO2) while Nick's solar PV panels generate 3,650 kWh of electricity per year (a saving of 1.8 tonnes of CO2) - for which he earns money from the 'Feed-In Tariff.

While it is clear that most of us could increase the thickness of our loft insulation at low cost, the cost of insulating solid exterior walls could be in excess of £10,000. This could save up to 2 tonnes of CO2 per year. However, the only way to make the big reductions in CO2 emissions that are required to prevent extreme climate change, is to drastically reduce demand and switch from fossil fuels, such as oil and gas, to renewable sources such as solar PV, wind and sustainable wood.

Published by Lorna Harvey-Frank on 11 April 2013

 

Seed Saving

What is the purpose of seed saving?  As a permaculture group we are working towards becoming more self-sufficient in food growing and also towards supporting each other as a community, creating opportunities to share resources, knowledge, experience and harvest. We also wish to have more control over our food  and make our own choices as to what types and varieties we eat.  This year the group placed a bulk order with The Real Seed Company, a small family run business based in Wales, where all the seed is grown onsite. This gave us the opportunity to split packets between us and have small quantities of different types of vegetables, some of which we might not normally grow, enabling us to experiment without having to buy whole packets of seeds we ultimately might not use.

As seed saving is new to most in the group, some of us will undertake to save the seeds this season from one specific type of plant that we not only like, but know grows well in our garden and save seeds for the whole group.  We will then later share what worked and didn’t and hopefully get to share some seeds for the following growing season. 

Over time by saving the seeds from strong healthy plants from generation to generation, we will have plants that are well adapted to our local soils and also to the evolving climatic conditions – resilience in action, we hope!  Also growing a diversity of crops will mean lower susceptibility to pest attacks and if one crop fails due to adverse weather conditions, hopefully another will thrive.  And if one person has a glut of anything there will be plenty of opportunities to swop with others, so an all round win-win.

The Garden Organic website is a fantastic resource and gives some very specific guidelines for seed saving.  Here are a few points to consider:

  • Seeds need to be from open-pollinated varieties (not F1 hybrids)
  • It is important to keep the variety pure by avoiding cross pollination as this will weaken the plants and cause them to mutate over generations
  • Extraction of seed depends on the crop.  Go to the Garden Organic website to find guidelines for a specific vegetable
  • Cool and dry are the ideals for seed storage.  Moisture and warmth will reduce the life of the seed.
  • To store for longer than the next season, seeds may be kept in an airtight container in a fridge or freezer
  • After storing, allow seed to come up to room temperature before opening and also to rest for a couple of days

The Permaculture Group's seed swop event at the Marlborough Communities Market in March of this year was a big success and there are plans to repeat this every Spring.  Save some of your seeds and be a part of this next year.   In the light of the recent attempts of certain large corporations to control our access to seeds, this is now a priority if we want to maintain our food sovereignty and natural diversity of plants and foods.

Links to two very useful short videos demonstrating how to save seeds from carrots and brassicas

 

 

 

 

Published by Sam Page on 16 February 2013

Last year was not a good year for potatoes for many gardeners, however it did provide a great opportunity to discover which varieties showed the best resistance to Late Blight and slugs! Considering that there are hundreds of different potato varieties that have been bred for UK gardens, but I don't yet know what extreme weather events may be coming this way - which variety should I plant this coming season?

Last year I planted three different varieties: 'Belle de Fortenay' - a traditional French salad variety; 'Orla' which can be grown as a 'first' or 'second early' or even as an 'early maincrop' and 'Swift' an exceptionally early variety.  I grew the 'Orla' potatoes in the ground, and the other two varieties in bags. I regularly observed the plants for pests and diseases during the growing season. When I harvested the potatoes I weighed the yield from three plants of each variety, chosen at random.  

The potatoes that were grown in the ground yielded almost 5 times as much as those that were grown in the bags. The best tasting variety was 'Belle de Fortenay', however I could not test its storage qualities as the yield was so low. 'Swift' was almost totally devoured by slugs and was later killed off by Leaf Blight. 'Orla' was best by far - it not only tasted good but was resistant to slugs and only showed signs of Blight at the end of the season, as the leaves were senescing. I prevented this killer disease from going into the tubers by removing all the foliage and then waiting two weeks before harvesting them. This meant that I was able to store the potatoes in my shed right up to January, when they had all been eaten!

Assessment of 3 potato varieties grown in Sam's garden in 2012
Potato Variety Weight of tubers from 3 plants Leaf Blight? Slug damage? Scab damage? Storage qualities Comparative taste 
Belle de Fortenay 1.5 kg No No No ? Very good
Orla 5 kg No No No Very good Good
Swift 1kg Yes Yes No ? Bland

Obviously I am going to plant 'Orla' again this year!

If you would like to check out the characteristics and comparative resistance to pests and diseases of your chosen potato varieties, I recommend that you go to the British Potato Variety Database.

Published by Jeremy Dawes on 20 January 2013

Cuttings from permaculture related articles on the web.  Click on the link to read the original article in full.

 

 A permaculture homestead month by month guide

"Every winter, I flip through past planners to make sure I don't forget any seasonal tasks in the coming year.  This year, I decided to spend a little more time now and save time later by summing up the main events in this post.  Maybe it will help you get your homestead year in order too!"

 

Permaculture tools -a wonderful collection of knowledge - hours of exploration ahead!

http://permaculturetools.wikispaces.com/

 

Bee friendly planting - written for Australia, but much of the information is applicable in the UK

(Just remember to swap the seasons when looking at flowering dates)

"This new pdf resource is free to download and a great document for anyone wanting to ensure their garden, verge, community patch or farm is as pollinator friendly as it can possibly be.

It’s a guide put out by Rural Industries Research and Development, and is a fantastic resource covering ideas for bee-friendly plantings in both urban and rural areas. It’s chock-full of planting guides, nectary calendars for different Australian climates, and pollinator garden design…

...

If you were a bee, would you wan to spend the day at a rocking party (the garden with 14 things flowering, as well as the tomatoes) or would you want to use your precious energy to instead fly over to the garden where there’s only a couple of pumpkin flowers and that’s it?"

 

Quantity or quality - perhaps not the answer you would have thought when it comes to making garden designs

"There’s an old saw, probably apocryphal, about a ceramics teacher who divided her class in two, made one half spin as many pots as possible while the other struggled to create one perfect pot. The students who were graded by quantity rather than quality made the best pots. I’ve noticed, from the years I used to be in the art world, that he most talented creative folks I’ve met crank out lots of material.

So how do we apply the quantity over quality principle to laying out a garden–especially since you often get only one chance a year to get it right? Above you see some of Kelly’s ideas for the parkway garden we planted in the fall. I think it is at this first point in the process–when you’re just sketching out ideas–when it’s best to generate as many drawings a possible, stick them on a wall and see which ones pop out. I think Kelly made more than the three drawings we saved, but we certainly could have done more–I’d say 20 minimum."

 

Some very interesting climate change videos if you are interested

A brilliant, very short video explaining that the temperature rise has not slowed down - A Must Watch  http://www.skepticalscience.com/16_more_years_of_global_warming.html

...

Very clear explanation of how quickly ice sheets can melt - specifically why the Thwaites Glacier in the West Antarctic could make sea levels rise at 1-2m per century http://climatecrocks.com/2013/01/05/the-weekend-wonk-richard-alley-on-ice-sheet-stability/

Well worth watching

...

Another excellent video about how much ice sheets are surprising scientists http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnVtjnGRyDY&feature=player_embedded - 1m rise by 2100 is easy, and 145,000,000 people lose their homes!

 

Scale - a must read if you want to prepare for the Age of Consequences that we are entering (and why building local trust networks now is so important)

"Scale matters. When it changes, other things change as a function of it, often in unpredictable ways. Emergent properties are system characteristics that come into existence as a result of small and simple units of organization being combined to form large and complex multi-unit organizational structures. One can know everything there is to know about the original simple units and yet be unable to predict the characteristics of the larger system that emerges as many units come together to interact as a larger whole.

For instance, knowing everything about an individual cell sheds no light on the behaviour of a sophisticated multicellular organism. At a higher level of organization, knowing everything about an organism does not predict crowd behaviour, the functioning of an ecosystem, the organization of stratified societies, or the dynamics of geopolitics as societies interact with one another. The complex whole is always far more than just the sum of its parts.

Contractions as large as the one ahead lead to a major trust bottleneck through which society must pass before any kind of recovery can begin to get traction, but the narrowness of that bottleneck will vary considerably between societies. Societies with well developed, close-knit communities are likely to find that far more trust survives, and that in turn will mitigate the impact of contraction and hasten the recovery that will involve rebuilding trust from the bottom up.

...

Things look good at the peak of a bubble, as if we could extrapolate past trends forward indefinitely and reach even higher heights. However, the trend is changing as the enabling circumstances are crumbling, and the bubble is already bursting as a result. Our task now is to navigate a changing reality. We cannot change the waves of expansion and contraction, as their scale is beyond human control, but we can learn to surf."

Published by Jeremy Dawes on 20 January 2013

Growing Carrots the Organic Market Gardener way

 

Last year it was so easy, the carrots seemed to grow themselves! This year, however… not so much.

 

Carrots are one of those crops that, in dry summers like this one, need a lot of love and care from before they’re even planted, all the way through to harvest. Under Michael’s tender care the carrots are flourishing, but there were many tricks to getting them this far!

 

A Review of the Intelligent Gardener, which explains how to grow nutrient dense food, rather than just how to grow food

 

The Intelligent Gardener, by Steve Solomon, is a fascinating and well-written, if potentially controversial, explanation of how to grow more nutrient-dense vegetables by balancing your soil.  If you've heard of William Albrecht and/or Michael Astera, but didn't feel comfortable wading through old classics, Solomon's book is the quick and easy way to access the same data.

 

Steve Solomon stumbled across the work of Albrecht after coming to similar conclusions on his own.  He and his family lived for nine years in Oregon, where they grew most of their own food on worn-out soil that was deficient in several major nutrients.  As a result, Solomon and his wife began to get sick, with lowered energy levels, loose teeth, and soft fingernails.  A six-month vacation in Fiji created drastic changes in their vitality, due (Solomon believes) to the local produce grown in soil fertilized by silt from volcanic rocks.  This experience led him to the work of Weston Price, who argued that we really need four (or more) times the recommended daily allowance of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and vitamins A, D, and E for best health.  To get those high levels of vitamins and minerals, Albrecht adds, you must garden in well-balanced soil full of minerals.

 

Great pictures of permaculture in action "Greening the Desert"

 

Our one month long internship at the Greening the Desert Project (the ‘Sequel site’) just ended. Ten students arriving from seven different countries were part of the first internship to take place at the project site in the Dead Sea Valley in Jordan. This will be a journey through pictures on what Geoff, Nadia, the interns and the WWOOFers were up to.

 

A lovely article on coppicing and the features of coppicing that created the abundance of the old forrests

 

The forest-dwelling cultures of northern Europe developed cultural methods of woodland management well suited to sustaining both permanent forest and a continuous flow of woodland products to support their societies.

 

A permanent system of forest cultivation called coppice-with-standards evolved in the British Isles over the past thousand years, which provided a large range of productsfrom construction timber to fencing and furniture parts to fruits, nuts, honey, and wild gamewhile maintaining continuous forest cover. "Coppice" is the practice of cutting trees to the ground purposely to stimulate resprouting. The word also refers to the regrowth itself. "Standards" are the trees selected (often planted) to grow into large timber.

 

The continuous cutting of small blocks of coppice creates a mosaic of environments that offers much more diverse habitat for game animals and birds than the native forest itself. These "fells," or management blocksusually no more than an acre in size also provide patches of higher light intensity within the forest, which in turn stimulate a tremendous profusion of flowering and fruiting shrubs and wildflowers.

 

How do you quantify the value of growing your own food - from a professional chef turned garden fanatic

 

“Is growing your own food worth it?” When I get asked that question, people are talking about cash-in-hand not harvest-in-hand. They aren’t saying, “Is it worth it to have the very freshest sugar snap peas?” or, “Is it worth it to see your child poke a bean seed in the ground?” because there is, clearly, only one answer to those questions.

 

No, when people say, “Is it worth it to grow your own vegetables,” they want to know if they can save money by gardening. It’s a tricky question to answer. When people ask me how much I save on my grocery budget through gardening, I usually defer answering.

 

 

I can say honestly we buy very few vegetables – onions, carrots and sweet potatoes are the only vegetables I regularly purchase – and we eat a lot of them. Berries too. What’s the cost of 8 or 10 pounds of organic strawberries at the market these days? That’s what we harvest every few days for a month in a good year. Raspberries? We pick ‘em by the bucket. Tarragon we hack off in bunches as big as your wrist. Figs, apples, herbs, greens – that high-ticket stuff sure seems to pay for itself. But does that make it worth it?

 

If I didn’t grow pounds of strawberries, would we eat pounds of strawberries? Probably, since I still supplement with purchased local berries for freezing in early summer. But I sure wouldn’t upend a pint of organic golden raspberries at $5 a pop into each of my kids’ pieholes every few days. If we bought those berries there would be some pathetic and unsuccessful attempt to, you know, savor every bite, which would really mean, treat every berry like you are swallowing a dime, because basically you are.

 

...

 

No one asks a golfer if it is “worth it” to invest in new clubs, or a runner if it is “worth it” to get $80 running shoes. Whether it’s worth it to grow your own food has to come down to, would you spend your time this way for free anyway, as with any other hobby? Gardening is consistently listed as in the top 5 or 10 most popular hobbies in the U.S., so plenty of people are happy to. And for us, oh yeah, it’s totally worth it.

 

Root Exudates - getting plants to do more work than just providing food for us

 

The more I learn about farming, the more I realize that plants are truly wondrous things.  It’s easy to think plants are boring and passive.  After all, they just sit there.

But here’s some news!  Plants are powerful chemists and very active participators in their environment.  On our farm, we now see plant properties and behaviors as a tool for rejuvenating our dead soil.  Here’s what we’ve learned so far.

 

A gorgeous Tiny House (600 sq ft) - just looks amazing!

 

We’re tickled to announce that the Milkwood Tiny House is featured in the latest edition of Green Lifestyle Magazine… get it while it’s hot!

As many of you know, the building of this Tiny House has been a looooong labor of love – but 5 years, some false starts, various small disasters, one massive learning curve, one child and one permaculture farm enterprise later, we are living in our small, natural, hand-made home. And now it’s in a magazine. Who would have thought.

A tool from engineering to help prioritise your permaculture design evolution 

The problem with a typical “to-do list” is the list itself!  How do you prioritize lists?  How do you ensure that you really should do the activities, or buy the items on the list?  Where do you begin working, and where do you allocate your valuable resources, whether that be time, money or labor?  As personal resources tighten, a methodical approach to prioritizing your lists becomes more important, and allocation strategies are likely to change.  For example, someone that works long hours is unlikely to have a surplus of time as a resource.  A single parent may not have extra time or a surplus of money.  For efficiency and practicality, priorities and a game plan must somehow be assigned.

 

Instead of developing endless lists that have no definite priorities, purpose, or urgencies associated with them, a better idea is to incorporate a strategy called Value Engineering.  Value Engineering (VE) is defined as “an organized effort directed at analyzing the function of goods and services for the purpose of achieving basic functions at the lowest overall cost, consistent with achieving essential characteristics”.   To simplify, you must think of your list items in terms of function, not simply items on a list. 

5 more ideas for sharing

 

Sharing of all types is integral to any transition initiative. While Transition Towns from to Brisbane and from Peterborough to Palo Alto each have their own unique approaches for sharing, specific innovations are not confined to any particular locale.  They can be replicated by any community on the planet. "It's not important that we have a project no one else has thought of," says Bart Anderson of Transition Palo Alto. "What's important is that we are encouraging a community which values sharing and contribution."

 

With this in mind, here are the five most shareable and replicable Transition Town-style activities to bring into your own neighborhood.

Published by Lorna Harvey-Frank on 19 December 2012

At our December Permaculture meeting we discussed how to intensify production by using containers:

  • Sam grew sweet corn, French beans and a small squash variety together in tyres in her front garden and got quite a good harvest - see previous blog.
  • Carrots do well in containers such as old 5 gallon buckets, as they can develop deeper roots in light compost, but can run out of nutrients, so slow release fertiliser is recommended.
  • Potatoes don’t seem to do give such a good yield in containers.  Courgettes appear to need lots of nutrients from experience of several of us who have experimented in tubs.  Look out for special varieties for pots.
  • Strawberries had different results.  Some varieties do better than others in pots.  Lorna has saved runners from some that did well last season.  Sam’s strawberry planter was difficult to keep hydrated.   She is experimenting with a new type specially for hanging baskets and containers, which do not produce runners.  Note: Wild strawberries can cross with cultivated strawberries and reduce fruit size.

Jeremy's deep-root seed box

Jeremy brought along a seedling box he had made in reclaimed wood.  It is tailored for sowing seeds at the optimum depth and spacing so that they can be left undisturbed for a longer period before planting out.  This gives the plants are really good chance to develop strong roots and means they are bigger and will become established more quickly when planted on. eg. Leeks can be left there for up to 3 months.  This system means you don’t need to thin the plants out, thus no seed is wasted. 

Capillary matting is inserted into the bottom of the tray and pre-moistened, which makes further watering virtually unnecessary, especially when a lid is placed over the box to keep the moisture in.  Keep cool, in a greenhouse or utility room. Jeremy sows leeks and onions together and with his compact custom “multi dibber” up to 100 seeds can be sown in a fairly small box.  Genius!

 


 

 

 

Planting individual onion seeds in the depressions left by the 'multi-dibber'



 

 

 

 

Later, in the spirit of permaculture, we used our combined man and woman-power to help Sam dig out an unwanted laburnum tree and replaced it with a Filbert cob-nut tree. 

The Real Seed Company was recommended as a good seed source - see Jeremy's Seed Saving blog post.  Everything is tried and tested on a small hillside in Wales, so should grow well here too, then!  We talked about ordering seeds together to share and try different varieties and avoid wasting any seeds.  

Hopefully,  we will  master the art of seed saving (see previous blog) and between us become self-sufficient in years to come!

Book recommendation: How to Grow More Vegetables, by John Jeavons.

Our next permaculture meeting is on 5th January 2013 – Planning for the Year Ahead and Companion Planting, at Rachel and Barney’s house.

 

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